Evidence desk
What didn't work.
Every page on this site that says "the evidence supports X" is paired with what it doesn't support. This is the cross-index — peptides with documented null trials, mechanism limits, or no human data at all.
Most peptide publications are written by people incentivized to say everything works. This list exists because that incentive is, on average, a bad guide to what actually does.
Documented null findings
Strong/Emerging peptides with published failures
These peptides are in the "works" column overall — but their literature includes specific null results, failed trials, or mechanism limits we think you should weigh before deciding.
5-Amino-1MQ
1 caveatWeight Management
"Promising in mice — but no human data at all"
Read all caveats →
Melanotan 1
2 caveatsSkin & Hair
"Benefit is indication-specific and reverses when stopped"
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AOD-9604
2 caveatsWeight Management
"Human obesity trials failed to beat placebo"
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ARA-290
1 caveatImmune Support
"Positive but small, surrogate-endpoint, and unconfirmed"
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BPC-157
2 caveatsRecovery & Healing
"No published human efficacy trials — the healing claims are all preclinical"
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Cagrilintide
2 caveatsWeight Management
"Amylin monotherapy plateaus below the incretin agonists"
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Cerebrolysin
2 caveatsCognitive & Neuro
"No stroke survival benefit — and a non-fatal serious-adverse-event signal"
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CJC-1295 DAC
2 caveatsHormone Optimization
"One small PK study — no efficacy or outcome evidence"
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DSIP
1 caveatCognitive & Neuro
"Inconsistent even in its heyday — and no modern trials"
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Epitalon
2 caveatsLongevity & Anti-Aging
"Evidence is largely single-group and non-Western; no independent trials"
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GHK-Cu
2 caveatsSkin & Hair
"The human evidence is topical and cosmetic — systemic use is unstudied"
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GHRP-2
2 caveatsHormone Optimization
"Reliable GH release, but no therapeutic outcome trials"
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GHRP-6
2 caveatsHormone Optimization
"Releases GH — but nothing beyond that is proven"
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HCG
2 caveatsHormone Optimization
"The 'HCG diet' is debunked"
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HMG
2 caveatsHormone Optimization
"Fertility-specific and monitoring-dependent"
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Ipamorelin
2 caveatsHormone Optimization
"Flagship evidence is preclinical; no human efficacy for marketed use"
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Kisspeptin-10
2 caveatsHormone Optimization
"The strong data is kisspeptin-54, not the marketed kisspeptin-10"
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KPV
2 caveatsGut & Inflammation
"No human trials — encouraging mice, untested people"
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Lipo-C
2 caveatsWeight Management
"No controlled evidence that the injection causes weight loss"
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LL-37
1 caveatImmune Support
"Important biology, but a double-edged therapeutic with no established trials"
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Mazdutide
2 caveatsWeight Management
"Entire pivotal evidence base is a single Chinese population"
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Melanotan 2
2 caveatsSexual Health
"Serious documented harms — rhabdomyolysis, renal infarction, priapism"
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Mod GRF 1-29
2 caveatsHormone Optimization
"No dedicated human trial — weaker evidence than even the DAC version"
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MOTS-c
1 caveatLongevity & Anti-Aging
"'Exercise mimetic' claims outrun the human evidence"
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NAD+
2 caveatsLongevity & Anti-Aging
"Raising NAD+ is a biomarker, not a proven clinical benefit"
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Oxytocin
2 caveatsHormone Optimization
"The 'love hormone' social/autism use is hyped, not proven"
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P21
1 caveatCognitive & Neuro
"Encouraging in aged rats — but no human data whatsoever"
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PE-22-28
1 caveatCognitive & Neuro
"Interesting target in mice — but no human data on PE-22-28"
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Pinealon
1 caveatCognitive & Neuro
"Neuroprotection is preclinical and single-group; mechanism contested"
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PT-141 / Bremelanotide
2 caveatsSexual Health
"Modest effect size — significant, but is it meaningful?"
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Selank
1 caveatCognitive & Neuro
"Anxiolytic use rests on largely Russian, under-replicated evidence"
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Semaglutide
4 caveatsWeight Management
"STEP 4 — weight regain after discontinuation"
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Semax
1 caveatCognitive & Neuro
"Clinical evidence is largely Russian and under-replicated internationally"
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Sermorelin
2 caveatsHormone Optimization
"The anti-aging use is unstudied — and negative on body composition where tested"
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SS-31
2 caveatsLongevity & Anti-Aging
"Pivotal controlled trials largely missed their primary endpoints"
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Survodutide
2 caveatsWeight Management
"Gastrointestinal burden and high early dropout"
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TB-500
2 caveatsRecovery & Healing
"The marketed fragment has no human trials — the human data is a different molecule and use"
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Tesamorelin
2 caveatsHormone Optimization
"Benefit is indication-specific and reverses when stopped"
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Testagen
1 caveatLongevity & Anti-Aging
"No human data — and the gonadal claims have no support"
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Thymalin
1 caveatImmune Support
"Undefined mixture with single-group, non-Western evidence"
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Thymosin Alpha-1
2 caveatsImmune Support
"Not FDA-approved, and key non-hepatitis evidence is retrospective"
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Tirzepatide
4 caveatsWeight Management
"GI side effects more frequent than semaglutide"
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Vilon
1 caveatImmune Support
"Bold longevity claims, single-group evidence, no independent human trials"
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VIP
1 caveatGut & Inflammation
"Consumer uses rest on case reports; the big trial didn't clearly work"
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Liraglutide
2 caveatsWeight Management
"Beaten head-to-head by semaglutide"
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Dulaglutide
2 caveatsWeight Management
"Beaten head-to-head by semaglutide"
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Hexarelin
2 caveatsHormone Optimization
"GH release is proven; therapeutic benefit and the cardiac promise are not"
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Humanin
1 caveatLongevity & Anti-Aging
"Human evidence is association, not intervention"
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MK-677
2 caveatsHormone Optimization
"Adds lean mass but not strength or function — and worsens glucose"
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Orforglipron
2 caveatsWeight Management
"Lower weight-loss ceiling than injectable leaders"
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CagriSema
2 caveatsWeight Management
"Strong — but it undershot its own target"
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Dihexa
1 caveatCognitive & Neuro
"No human data at all — and not uniformly effective even in animals"
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No human data
9 peptides
These compounds have mechanistic or preclinical support, but no controlled human trials have established safety or efficacy for any indication. Anything you read about them outside an animal model is hypothesis.
FOXO4-DRI
No data Longevity & Anti-Aging
P21
No data Cognitive & Neuro
PE-22-28
No data Cognitive & Neuro
SLU-PP-332
No data Metabolic & Body Composition
Testagen
No data Longevity & Anti-Aging
Vilon
No data Immune Support
Brenipatide
No data Cognitive & Neuro
Follistatin
No data Metabolic & Body Composition
Dihexa
No data Cognitive & Neuro
Theoretical only
13 peptides
Limited human data exists but doesn't yet support strong conclusions. Treat any specific claim about these as directional — the empirical record is still maturing.
5-Amino-1MQ
Theoretical Weight Management
AHK-Cu
Theoretical Skin & Hair
CJC-1295 DAC
Theoretical Hormone Optimization
DSIP
Theoretical Cognitive & Neuro
Epitalon
Theoretical Longevity & Anti-Aging
FOXO4
Theoretical Longevity & Anti-Aging
Ipamorelin
Theoretical Hormone Optimization
KPV
Theoretical Gut & Inflammation
Mod GRF 1-29
Theoretical Hormone Optimization
PEG-MGF
Theoretical Recovery & Healing
Pinealon
Theoretical Cognitive & Neuro
SNAP-8
Theoretical Skin & Hair
Humanin
Theoretical Longevity & Anti-Aging
Why we publish this
A reference library that only tells you what works is a marketing document, not a reference library.
Our goal is that a curious reader can leave this site as well-informed as a thoughtful clinician would be after a few hours in PubMed. That requires showing them the failures, not just the wins. If we ever stop publishing this page, assume something has gone wrong with our editorial process.